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Home  ›  What Animals Live In The Dead Sea

What Animals Live In The Dead Sea

Written By Sunday, May 15, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Salt lake bordering Jordan and Israel

Expressionless Sea
Dead Sea by David Shankbone.jpg

A view of the ocean from the Israeli shore

Location of the Dead Sea

Location of the Dead Sea

Dead Sea
Location Western asia
Coordinates 31°xxx′N 35°30′E  /  31.500°Northward 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500 Coordinates: 31°thirty′N 35°30′Eastward  /  31.500°N 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500
Lake blazon Endorheic
Hypersaline
Native name
  • ים המלח (Hebrew)
  • البحر الميت (Standard arabic)
Primary inflows Jordan River
Master outflows None
Catchment area 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Bowl countries Israel, Jordan, and Palestine
Max. length 50 km (31 mi)[1] (northern basin merely)
Max. width 15 km (9.iii mi)
Expanse 605 km2 (234 sq mi) (2016)[ii]
Average depth 199 m (653 ft)[iii]
Max. depth 298 chiliad (978 ft) (height of deepest point, 728 1000 BSL [below sea level], minus current surface elevation)
Water volume 114 km3 (27 cu mi)[3]
Shore lengthane 135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation −430.5 m (−1,412 ft) (2016)[four]
References [3] [4]
i Shore length is non a well-defined mensurate.

The Expressionless Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח Yam ha-Melah lit. Sea of Salt; Arabic: البحر الميت Al-Bahr al-Mayyit , lit. the Expressionless Sea,[5] or Buhayrat,[6] [7] Bahret or Birket Lut,[vi] lit. "Lake/Bounding main of Lot") is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and State of israel and the West Depository financial institution to the west. Information technology lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its master tributary is the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River.

The lake'south surface is 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) beneath sea level,[four] [8] making its shores the lowest country-based elevation on Earth. It is 304 one thousand (997 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 thousand/kg, or 34.2% (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of h2o[9] – nine.half-dozen times every bit salty as the ocean – and has a density of ane.24 kg/litre, which makes pond similar to floating.[ten] [11] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Expressionless Sea's master, northern basin is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point.[1]

The Dead Bounding main has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean Basin for thousands of years. Information technology was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Slap-up), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers. Today, tourists visit the sea on its Israeli, Jordanian and West Banking company coastlines. The Palestinian tourism industry has been met with setbacks in developing along the Due west Bank coast.

The Dead Sea is receding at a swift rate; its surface surface area today is 605 km2 (234 sq mi), having been 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) in 1930. The recession of the Expressionless Sea has begun causing problems,[ vague ] and multiple canal and pipeline proposals have been made to reduce its recession. One of these proposals is the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance pipeline project, which would provide water to neighbouring countries and carry brine to the Dead Body of water to aid stabilise its water level.[12]

Etymology and toponymy

In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ(help·info) (ים המלח‎), significant "bounding main of salt" (Genesis 14:3). The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha-'Ărāvâ ים הערבה‎), and the Eastern Bounding main ( ha-Yām ha-kadmoni הים הקדמוני‎). The designation "Dead Bounding main" never appears in the Bible. In Hebrew literature, sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות‎, "sea of expiry") is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life at that place.[13]

In Arabic, the Expressionless Sea is chosen al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info) [5] ("the Expressionless Sea"), or less normally baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ ( بحر لوط , "the Sea of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Body of water of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks chosen it 'Lake Asphaltites (Cranium Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , "the Asphaltite[14] sea").

Geography

The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Body of water Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the E Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern finish of the Carmine Bounding main Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. Information technology is hither that the Upper Hashemite kingdom of jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end.

The Hashemite kingdom of jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Expressionless Ocean, although there are small perennial springs under and effectually the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits forth the edges.[15] There are no outlet streams.

The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is i of the larger water sources of the Dead Bounding main other than the Hashemite kingdom of jordan.[16] The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 m beneath the ocean level in the southern part of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, with an expanse of 212 km2 (82 sq mi).[17] Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh (Standard arabic)/Nahal Dragot (Hebrew), and Nahal Arugot [de] that ends at Ein Gedi.[16] Wadi Hasa (biblical Zered) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea.

Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern role of the Dead Bounding main and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part.[xviii] The Expressionless Sea zone's dehydration is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains. The highlands eastward of the Expressionless Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Bounding main itself.

To the due west of the Expressionless Sea, the Judaean mountains rising less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the due east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) alpine halite mineral formation chosen Mount Sodom.

Geology

The Jordanian shore of the Dead Sea, showing salt deposits left behind by falling water levels.

Formation theories

In that location are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the depression acme of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a truthful rift zone, an extension of the Cherry-red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a result of a "step-over" discontinuity forth the Dead Ocean Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consistent subsidence.[ citation needed ]

Sedom Lagoon

During the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene,[19] around 3.seven million years ago,[ commendation needed ] what is at present the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Body of water, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Bounding main.[nineteen] The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is chosen by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the ocean through what is now the Jezreel Valley.[ citation needed ] The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale changes in the tectonic and climatic atmospheric condition.[19]

The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the northward to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Bounding main, and the subsequent lakes never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Low was never part of whatever of these water bodies due to its college elevation and the loftier threshold of the Korazim block separating information technology from the Body of water of Galilee basin.[twenty]

Common salt deposits

The Sedom Lagoon deposited evaporites mainly consisting of stone salt, which eventually reached a thickness of 2.three km (1.43 mi) on the one-time bowl floor in the expanse of today's Mountain Sedom.[21]

Lake formation

Approximately 2 meg years ago,[ citation needed ] the state between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Body of water rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer overflowing the expanse. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake.[20]

The starting time prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora (which perhaps appeared in the early Pleistocene; its sediments adult into the Amora (Samra) Formation, dated to over 200-80 kyr BP), followed by Lake Lisan (c. 70-14 kyr) and finally by the Dead Sea.[19]

Lake salinity

The h2o levels and salinity of the successive lakes (Amora, Lisan, Dead Sea) have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and due to climate variation. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea every bit its last remainder.[nineteen] [xx]

From lxx,000 to 12,000 years ago, Lake Lisan's level was 100 m (330 ft) to 250 k (820 ft) higher than its current level. Its level fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very moisture climate in the Near East.[22] Effectually 10,000 years agone, the lake'south level dropped dramatically, probably even lower than today. During the last several yard years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Electric current theories every bit to the cause of this dramatic drib in levels dominion out volcanic activeness; therefore, information technology may have been a seismic consequence.

Salt mounts formation

In prehistoric times[ dubious – discuss ], great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora. The sediment was heavier than the common salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a saucepan of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to pitter-patter up the sides of the bucket. When the floor of the Expressionless Body of water dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place equally loftier cliffs (see salt dome).

Climate

The Dead Sea has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (ii in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (ninety and 102 °F). Wintertime boilerplate temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weaker ultraviolet radiations, especially the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (three.3% in summer to 4.viii% in winter) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level.[23] [24] Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured betwixt 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with wellness effects at higher altitude.[25] (This barometric measure is virtually 5% college than bounding main level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the global ocean mean or ATM.) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby considering of the moderating outcome a large trunk of h2o has on climate. During the winter, ocean temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the effect of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days in a higher place 30 °C (86 °F) annually.[26]

Climate data for Dead Sea, Sedom (390 m below sea level)
Month Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.five) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.8
(92.eight) 		42.v
(108.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		46.4
(115.5) 		47.0
(116.6) 		44.5
(112.1) 		43.six
(110.5) 		xl.0
(104.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		28.five
(83.3) 		47.0
(116.6)
Average loftier °C (°F) xx.5
(68.nine) 		21.vii
(71.1) 		24.eight
(76.6) 		29.9
(85.eight) 		34.one
(93.four) 		37.half-dozen
(99.seven) 		39.7
(103.five) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		32.4
(ninety.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		17.7
(63.nine) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.six
(90.vii) 		34.7
(94.v) 		34.5
(94.one) 		32.4
(ninety.3) 		28.6
(83.v) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		26.1
(79.0)
Boilerplate depression °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		thirteen.seven
(56.vii) 		16.vii
(62.i) 		20.9
(69.half-dozen) 		24.vii
(76.five) 		27.six
(81.seven) 		29.half-dozen
(85.3) 		29.9
(85.eight) 		28.three
(82.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.iii
(66.vii) 		14.1
(57.4) 		21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		six.0
(42.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		xi.five
(52.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.eight
(80.ii) 		24.2
(75.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		9.viii
(49.half-dozen) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.4
(41.7)
Boilerplate precipitation mm (inches) 7.viii
(0.31) 		9.0
(0.35) 		seven.6
(0.30) 		4.iii
(0.17) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.2
(0.05) 		3.5
(0.xiv) 		viii.three
(0.33) 		41.ix
(ane.65)
Average precipitation days iii.iii 3.five 2.5 1.iii 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.iv i.half-dozen 2.8 15.6
Average relative humidity (%) 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 32
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[27]

Chemistry

With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), information technology is 1 of the earth'south saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.viii%), Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Ocean (upwardly to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond (44%)) have reported college salinities.

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, the surface layers of the Dead Sea were less salty than today, which resulted in an average density in the range of i.15-one.17 1000/cm3 instead of the nowadays value of around ane.25 g/cm3. A sample tested by Bernays in the 19th century had a salinity of 19%. By the year 1926, the salinity had increased[28] [29] (although it was also suspected that the salinity varies seasonally and depends on the distance from the rima oris of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan).

Until the wintertime of 1978–79, when a major mixing event took place,[30] the Dead Sea was equanimous of 2 stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, historic period, and salinity. The topmost 35 meters (115 ft) or and then of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of near thirty%, and a temperature that swung between nineteen °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the everyman level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature, salinity of over 34%, and consummate saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl).[31] Since the water nearly the bottom is saturated with NaCl, that salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor.

Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Ocean from the Jordan River was reduced equally a issue of large-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dumbo. When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1978–79). For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop.[thirty]

Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi

The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of sea water. The exact composition of the Dead Ocean water varies mainly with flavour, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in one thousand/kg) of Expressionless Bounding main surface h2o was Cl− (181.iv), Br− (4.2), SOfour 2− (0.4), HCO3 − (0.two), Caii+ (14.1), Na+ (32.v), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 yard/kg.[32] These results show that the composition of the common salt, equally anhydrous chlorides on a weight per centum footing, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.iv%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) l.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.iv%. In comparison, the table salt in the water of about oceans and seas is approximately 85% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (And so4 2−) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the highest of all waters on Globe.

Beach pebbles made of halite; western coast

The table salt concentration of the Dead Body of water fluctuates around 31.five%. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/l. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Ocean because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Expressionless Bounding main is similar to the Great Table salt Lake in Utah in the U.s.a..

An unusual characteristic of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Expressionless Sea constantly spits up minor pebbles and blocks of the black substance.[33] Asphalt-coated figurines and bitumen-coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites take been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Expressionless Sea region.[34] [35]

Putative therapies

The Dead Sea area has get a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the temper, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this swell depth each may have specific health furnishings. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure.[36]

The region'due south climate and low elevation have made it a pop center for assessment of putative therapies:

  • Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature, humidity, sunshine, barometric force per unit area and special atmospheric constituents
  • Heliotherapy: Treatment that exploits the biological furnishings of the sun'due south radiation
  • Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Expressionless Ocean water

Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis[37] by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent upshot that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased thickness of the atmosphere[ citation needed ] over the Dead Sea.[38]

Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in ane study.[39]

Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily salvage hurting in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, treatment with mineral-rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy.[40]

Panorama of the Expressionless Body of water from the Mövenpick Resort, Hashemite kingdom of jordan.

Fauna and flora

Dead Sea in the morning, seen from Masada

The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.

In times of inundation, the common salt content of the Dead Ocean tin can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lower. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after ane such rainy winter, the normally dark blueish Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem institute the Dead Bounding main to be teeming with an alga called Dunaliella. Dunaliella in plow nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea bowl has been dry out and the algae and the bacteria accept not returned in measurable numbers.

In 2011 a grouping of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Deutschland discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Ocean by scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures let fresh and stagnant water to enter the Dead Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of leaner and archaea.[41]

Many animal species alive in the mountains surrounding the Dead Body of water. Hikers tin can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone likewise. Both Jordan and Israel accept established nature reserves around the Expressionless Bounding main.

The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as "the most fertile spot in Judea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane,[ dubious – discuss ] henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy. One of the almost valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. By the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.[ dubious – hash out ]

Human settlement

There are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest stop at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway ninety runs north–south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km (351 mi) from Metula on the Lebanese edge in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat.

Potash City is a pocket-size customs on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs north–south on the Jordanian side from nigh Jordan'south northern tip downwards past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba.

Human history

Biblical period

Dwelling in caves near the Dead Body of water is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David.

Only northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis eighteen) and the three other "Cities of the Plain", Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis xix:21–22). Earlier the destruction, the Expressionless Bounding main was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. Male monarch David was said to accept hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.

In Ezekiel 47:eight–9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea volition "exist healed and fabricated fresh", becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:viii, which says that "living waters will get out from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern body of water [likely the Dead Bounding main] and half to the western sea [the Mediterranean]."

Greek and Roman catamenia

Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters. The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural cobblestone that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies. The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as "Palus Asphaltites"[42] (Asphalt Lake).

A cargo boat on the Dead Sea every bit seen on the Madaba Map, from the 6th century AD

The Dead Body of water was an important trade route with ships carrying salt, asphalt and agronomical produce. Multiple anchorages existed on both sides of the sea, including in Ein Gedi, Khirbet Mazin (where the ruins of a Hasmonean-era dry dock are located), Numeira and near Masada.[43] [44]

Rex Herod the Bully built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The near famous was Masada, where in lxx CE a small-scale group of Jewish zealots fled after the autumn of the devastation of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 73 CE, when a siege by the 10 Legion ended in the deaths past suicide of its 960 inhabitants. Some other historically of import fortress was Machaerus (מכוור), on the eastern bank, where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned past Herod Antipas and died.[45]

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea'south western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the w side of the Expressionless Bounding main, abroad from the declension ... [above] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and information technology is therefore a hugely pop but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Body of water Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom. Nonetheless, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.[46]

Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Expressionless Body of water. The all-time known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an all-encompassing library known as the Dead Body of water Scrolls.[47] The boondocks of Ein Gedi, mentioned many times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple's fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite salt" was an essential mineral for the temple's holy incense, but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness.[48] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving h2o from the towns around the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity.[49]

Byzantine flow

Intimately continued with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west, the Dead Sea was a identify of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such equally Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.

Modernistic times

The southern basin of the Expressionless Body of water as of 1817–eighteen, with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford (at present named Lynch Strait). North is to the right.

In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Bounding main were explored by gunkhole primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869.[50] The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1949 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Body of water is available online. Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled forth the shores of the Expressionless Sea already in 1817–eighteen, just didn't navigate on its waters.[51]

Earth'southward lowest (dry) point, Jordan, 1971

Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate.

Later on the find of the "Moabite Stone" in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea, Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al-Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed "Moabite" antiquities, and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the "Shapira Strips", a supposedly ancient gyre written on leather strips which he claimed had been institute almost the Dead Ocean. The strips were declared to exist forgeries and Shapira took his ain life in disgrace.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves most the ancient settlement of Qumran, most 1 mile (1.six kilometres) inland from the northwestern shore of the Expressionless Sea (presently in the West Banking concern). They became known and famous as the Expressionless Ocean Scrolls.

The world'south lowest roads, Highway 90, run along the Israeli and West Banking company shores of the Expressionless Sea, forth with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side, at 393 1000 (one,289 ft) below bounding main level.

Tourism and leisure

British Mandate period

A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore.

Israel

The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex.

State of israel has fifteen hotels along the Dead Bounding main shore, generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012. Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a half-dozen-kilometre (iii.vii-mile) stretch of the southern shore.[52]

Hashemite kingdom of jordan

Kempinski Hotel, one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore

On the Jordanian side, nine international franchises take opened seaside resort hotels almost the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center, forth with resort apartments, on the eastern shore of the Expressionless Body of water. The ix hotels have additional the Jordanian side's capacity to 2,800 rooms.[53]

On November 22, 2015, the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with twoscore archaeological locations in Jordan, to get live on Google Street View.[54]

West Bank

The portion of Expressionless Ocean coast which Palestinians could perchance eventually manage is about twoscore kilometres (25 miles) long. The World Bank estimates that such Expressionless Ocean tourism industry could generate $290 1000000 of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs.[52] However, Palestinians take been unable to obtain structure permits for tourism-related investments on the Dead Body of water.[52] According to the World Bank, officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities land that the simply way to apply for such permits is through the Articulation Committees established under the Oslo Agreement, merely the relevant committee has non met with any caste of regularity since 2000.[52]

Chemic industry

View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Bounding main, taken in 1989 from the Infinite Shuttle Columbia (STS-28). The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea.

View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later on (STS-102). A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the big polygonal ponds subdivided.

The dwindling water level of the Dead Bounding main

British Mandate period

In the early on part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural eolith of potash (potassium chloride) and bromine. A concession was granted past the British Mandatory government to the newly formed Palestine Potash Company in 1929. Its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation, Moses Novomeysky, had worked for the charter for over ten years having starting time visited the area in 1911.[55] The first plant, on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya, commenced production in 1931[55] and produced potash by solar evaporation of the alkali. Employing Arabs and Jews, information technology was an island of peace in turbulent times.[56] The company speedily grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East,[ citation needed ] and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, southward of the 'Lashon' region of the Expressionless Ocean. Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain's potash during World State of war Ii. Both plants were destroyed past the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[57]

Israel

The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state-owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company.[58] In 1995, the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals. From the Dead Body of water brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. Israeli companies generate around United states$3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals (primarily potash and bromine), and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals.[52]

Hashemite kingdom of jordan

On the Jordanian side of the Dead Bounding main, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces two.0 million tons of potash annually, likewise as sodium chloride and bromine. The plant is located at Safi, South Aghwar Department, in the Karak Governorate.

Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $ane.ii billion in sales (equivalent to four percent of Hashemite kingdom of jordan'southward GDP).

West Banking company

The Palestinian Dead Body of water Coast is virtually twoscore kilometres (25 miles) long. The Palestinian economic system is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access, permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate.[52] The Earth Banking company estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918M incremental value added per year, "almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today".[52]

Both companies, Expressionless Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash, use extensive salt evaporation pans that have substantially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is and then processed farther to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated by a primal dike that runs roughly north–due south along the international border. The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metallic (by a subsidiary, Expressionless Sea Magnesium Ltd.).

Due to the popularity of the body of water'due south therapeutic and healing properties, several companies have likewise shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts every bit raw materials for body and pare care products.

Recession and environmental concerns

Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels. It was excavated past floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a yr.

Receding shoreline

Since 1930, when its surface was 1,050 kmii (410 sq mi) and its level was 390 1000 (ane,280 ft) below sea level, the Expressionless Sea has been monitored continuously. The Dead Ocean has been rapidly shrinking since the 1960s considering of diversion of incoming h2o from the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River to the north[59] equally part of the National Water Carrier scheme,[60] completed in 1964.[61] The southern terminate is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Bounding main Works, a visitor that converts the sea'southward raw materials. From a water surface of 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea level in 1970[59] it fell 22 m (72 ft) to 418 k (i,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drib rate of one chiliad (three ft) per year. Equally the water level decreases, the characteristics[ vague ] of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially alter.

The Dead Ocean level drib has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that used to occupy underground layers virtually the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to exist the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore—incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers, speedily creating subsurface cavities that subsequently plummet to form these sinkholes.[62] As of 2021[update] Ein Gedi, on the western declension, has been subject to a big number of sinkholes appearing in the surface area, attributed to the decline in the h2o level of the Dead Bounding main.[sixty]

Every bit of 2021[update], the surface of the Sea has shrunk past about 33 per cent since the 1960s, which is partly attributed to the much-reduced catamenia of the Jordan River since the construction of the National Water Carrier project, and the corporeality of water from the rains reaching the Dead Sea has macerated even further since flash floods started pouring into the sinkholes. The EcoPeace Middle East, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian environmental grouping, has estimated that the annual menstruum into the Dead Sea from the Jordan is equally of 2021[update] less than 100,000,000 cubic metres (3.5×10nine cu ft) of water, compared with former flows of between 1,200,000,000 cubic metres (four.2×ten10 cu ft) and ane,300,000,000 cubic metres (4.6×x10 cu ft).[lx]

Year Water level (k) Surface (km2)
1930 −390 1050
1980 −400 680
1992 −407 675
1997 −411 670
2004 −417 662
2010 −423 655
2016 −430.5 605

Sources: State of israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research,[iv] Haaretz,[ii] Jordan Valley Potency.[63]

Views in 1972, 1989, and 2011 compared[64]

Link to the Reddish Ocean

In May 2009 at the Globe Economical Forum, Hashemite kingdom of jordan announced its plans to construct the "Jordan National Cherry Sea Development Project" (JRSP). This is a programme to convey seawater from the Cerise Ocean near Aqaba to the Expressionless Ocean. H2o would exist desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan, with the alkali discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment. Israel has expressed its back up and will likely do good from some of the water delivery to its Negev region.[65] [66]

At a regional briefing in July 2009, officials expressed concern about the declining water levels. Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others brash environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the book of menses from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river'due south aqueduct. Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts. They said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable back up capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should exist reduced.[67]

In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to excerpt around 300 one thousand thousand cubic metres (11 billion cubic feet) of water per year from the Ruddy Sea, desalinate information technology for employ as fresh h2o and send the waste product water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate fourth dimension to assess the potential environmental impact. According to Hashemite kingdom of jordan's minister for water, General Maysoun Zu'bi, this project could exist considered as the kickoff phase of the Ruby-red Bounding main–Expressionless Sea H2o Conveyance.[68]

In December 2013, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authorization signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Reddish Sea with the Dead Sea. The pipeline would be 180 km (110 mi) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete.[69] In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water was dropping past i m (3 ft) a year.[70]

On 27 November 2016, it was announced that the Jordanian government was shortlisting five consortia to implement the project. Hashemite kingdom of jordan's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project would begin construction in the first quarter of 2018, and would be completed by 2021.[12]

See also

  • Aral Sea
  • Listing of drying lakes
  • List of places on land with elevations below bounding main level
  • Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal
  • World Discoveries 3: Dead Bounding main
  • Benjamin Elazari Volcani
  • PEF rock with the Dead Sea level reference line used between 1900 and 1913

References

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Further reading

  • The Globe Bank, 2013, "The Red Sea - Dead Sea H2o Conveyance Study Program", and source of basic data on the Dead Bounding main.
  • Yehouda Enzel, et al., eds (2006) New Frontiers in Dead Bounding main Paleoenvironmental Research, Geological Society of America, ISBN 0-8137-2401-5
  • Niemi, Tina M., Ben-Avraham, Z., and Gat, J., eds., 1997, The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting: Northward.Y., Oxford Academy Press, 286 p.
  • Globe Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department, Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy, October 2, 2013

External links

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea

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